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The original english language interview is also available.
Kannst Du mir mehr zum Ursprung Deines Films „The Painting“ erzählen – vermutlich begann alles mit der Betrachtung von Diego Velazquez’ Gemälde ‚Las Meninas‘?
Alles beginnt mit meinem ersten Besuch im Prado-Museum mit meiner Familie, als ich etwa fünf oder sechs Jahre alt war. Wir sahen uns ‚Las Meninas‘ an. Es war ein riesiges Gemälde, das die gesamte Wand eines kleinen Raumes einnahm, der voll mit Besuchern war. Vor dem Gemälde hatten sie einen Spiegel aufgestellt. Ich konnte das Gemälde kaum sehen, weil der Raum überfüllt und dunkel war. Ich fand das alles sehr seltsam. Ein Museumsführer erklärte den Spiegel und jeder bewegte sich umher und suchte nach seinem Spiegelbild und dem der Figuren auf dem Gemälde. Es zeigte eine Gruppe, die um eine kleine Prinzessin versammelt war, und einen Maler neben einer riesigen Leinwand. Alle schauten uns an, als ob der Maler uns, das Publikum, malen würde. Die Figuren und der Raum wurden mit einem solchen Grad an Illusion dargestellt, dass es schien, als würden sie jeden Moment das Gemälde verlassen oder als könnte man in ihren Raum eintreten. Es war, als wäre ich Zeuge eines magischen Vorgangs geworden. Da ich die Erklärungen des Führers über den Spiegel und das Gemälde nicht verstand, bat ich meine Eltern, mir einen Museumskatalog zu kaufen, um zu sehen, ob ich die Lösung des Rätsels finden könnte. Unnötig zu sagen, dass ich sie nicht gefunden habe. An diesem Tag begann meine Faszination für Velázquez und ‚Las Meninas‘.
Wie bist Du die Projektentwicklung angegangen – folgte dann eine lange Phase der Recherchen?
Es war von Anfang an klar, dass ich den Film als detektivische Ermittlung konstruieren musste. Ich plante, die größten Experten von ‚Las Meninas‘ herbeizurufen, um sie zu befragen und zu versuchen, ihr Rätsel zu lösen. Obwohl ich mit einigem Vorwissen über ‚Las Meninas‘ begann, musste ich nach vielen Jahren des Lesens und fünf Jahren Studium der Bildenden Künste an der Hochschule eine sehr gründliche Untersuchung vorbereiten. Ich musste das Thema in der Tiefe beherrschen, um das Vertrauen der Experten zu gewinnen, die ich um ihre Mitarbeit bitten wollte. Während die Finanzierung gesichert wurde, verbrachte ich vier Jahre (2014-2017) damit, das Gemälde, Velázquez und seine Zeit von oben bis unten und aus jedem erdenklichen Blickwinkel zu studieren. Es waren auch entscheidende Jahre, um geduldig visuelle Dokumentationen zu sammeln und viele der Experten zu treffen, die am Ende an dem Film mitwirken würden.
Wie hast Du Deine Interviewpartner gefunden? Wie hast Du dich entschieden welche Perspektiven, du mit einbeziehst, und wie haben die Angesprochenen auf Deine Filmidee reagiert?
Ich wollte, dass die Interviewpartner aufgrund ihrer besonderen Beziehung zu ‚Las Meninas‘ ausgewählt werden. Es mussten außergewöhnliche Menschen sein, die zuvor etwas über das Bild oder den Maler geschrieben, reflektiert oder geschaffen hatten.
Wie viel Material – vor allem an Interviews – ist entstanden?
Ich hatte etwa 60 Stunden Interviews, die alle erdenklichen Blickwinkel auf ‚Las Meninas‘ abdeckten. Ich musste sie auf eine anschaubare Länge reduzieren und 80% des Stoffes herausschneiden. Es war genug Material für eine TV-Mini-Serie. Seltsamerweise, als ich meine Pläne erwähnte, einen Spielfilm über ‚Las Meninas‘ zu machen, reagierten einige Leute verwundert: „Willst du etwa eine Stunde lang über dasselbe Gemälde sprechen?“. Sie dachten, 20 Minuten seien mehr als genug! Nun, offensichtlich hatte ich etwas anderes im Sinn. Der endgültige Schnitt ist 107 Minuten lang und es fühlt sich überhaupt nicht ermüdend oder repetitiv an. Der Trick war, das Material in einer klassischen spannenden Struktur mit Mysterien, Überraschungen, Ungewissheiten und Enthüllungen zu arrangieren. Um die große Menge an Talking Heads auszugleichen, musste ich interessante Visuals einbauen, hauptsächlich Stop-Motion-Animationen und einige Archivaufnahmen.
Entstand die erzählerische Leitlinie erst im Schnitt oder hattest Du vorher bereits ein festes Konzept im Kopf?
Ich hatte ein vollständiges Drehbuch, das ich eingereicht habe, um die Finanzierung zu bekommen. Die Hauptstruktur, die Organisation der Themen, sogar die Wendepunkte und Wendungen waren bereits vorhanden. Es war eine notwendige Straßenkarte, um sich nicht im Labyrinth von ‚Las Meninas‘ zu verirren. Im Drehbuch habe ich natürlich noch ein paar weitere Ideen untergebracht, die in der Endfassung nicht gut funktionierten, aber im Gegenzug habe ich viele brillante Sichtweisen und emotionale Stellen aus den Interviews erhalten.
Ich habe die Interviews von Januar bis September 2018 bearbeitet, dann ging es an die Stop-Motion-Dreharbeiten bis Ende des Jahres und dann wieder an die Bearbeitung von Interviews, Animation und Archivdokumenten von Januar bis Juni 2019. Non-Stop. Es war anstrengend.
Erzähl mir bitte mehr über die Zwischensequenzen – was hat Dich dazu bewogen, so in die Bildinterpretation einzusteigen.
Was lag Dir im Allgemeinen visuell am Herzen? War Dir klar, dass Du mit Puppen etc. arbeitest, um einen besseren Zugang zu dem Bild zu schaffen?
Eine der Konventionen des Kunstdokumentarfilms ist die des historischen Reenactments oder der Dramatisierung von Personen und Ereignissen mit Schauspielern und Kulissen. Ein Dokumentarfilm, der sich mit historischen Ereignissen vor der Erfindung der Fotografie oder des Films beschäftigt, ist darauf beschränkt, nur Gemälde, Zeichnungen und Drucke als visuelle Quellen zu zeigen, es sei denn, er verwendet Reenactments mit Schauspielern. Und diese Szenen mit Kostümen wirken mit der Zeit manchmal etwas plump und lächerlich. Deshalb habe ich mir überlegt, einen Schritt weiter zu gehen: Warum nicht Modelle und Puppen anstelle von Schauspielern und Kulissen verwenden? Die handgefertigten Miniaturen sind konzeptionell näher an der handwerklichen Welt der Malerei. Die Puppe, die Marionette, ist ein weniger aufdringliches Element als ein echter Schauspieler. Der Betrachter ist weniger gezwungen zu glauben, dass ‚mein Velázquez‘ wie der echte aussehen muss, denn was man sieht, ist nur eine Puppe, ein Spiel, eine Simulation.
Es gab noch einen weiteren Grund für die Verwendung von Puppen. Der spanische Schriftsteller Azorín bezeichnete ‚Las Meninas‘ als ein Wachsfigurenkabinett und die Kunsthistorikerin Manuela Mena beschrieb das Gemälde als eine Spieluhr mit Schaufensterpuppen, die bereit sind zu springen und sich zu bewegen, sobald wir ihnen den Rücken zuwenden. Diese Idee von ‚Las Meninas‘ als Puppenhaus lag mir also sehr am Herzen und war eine großartige Gelegenheit, Puppenanimation zu drehen, was ich liebe. Überleg’ mal: Die Figuren in ‚Las Meninas‘ befinden sich in einem Raum und schauen uns an. Wir Zuschauer stehen in einem anderen Raum und beobachten sie. Im hinteren Teil des Bildes gibt es eine Tür (wo wir Jose Nietos Silhouette sehen), die zu unbekannten Räumen führt. Für mich sind das alles Kisten-Räume in Kisten-Räumen, eine Art russische Matroschka ad infinitum. Das Leben als Traum! Wie du sehen kannst, wurden wir am Ende des Films alle zu Marionetten.
Hat sich Dein Blick auf das Bild jetzt stark verändert?
Kannst Du mir zum Schluss noch ein bisschen mehr von Dir und Deiner Liebe zum Film und zur Kunst erzählen?
Dies ist eine Kunstinstallation, die ich 2016 im Auftrag des Prado-Museums geschaffen habe, eine Neuinterpretation von „The Garden of Earthly Delights“ von Bosch.
Infinite Garden – Exhibition – Museo Nacional del Prado
Sind bereits neue Projekte geplant? Kann man sich auf weitere Kunstfilme freuen?
Ich spiele mit zwei Ideen für neue Dokumentarfilme. Eine handelt von Fotografie (eine weitere Kunstform, die ich liebe) und die andere von einem berühmten Kunstwerk aus dem 20. Jahrhundert. Ich schreibe auch an einem Spielfilm. Aber alles hat sich aufgrund der Pandemie verlangsamt. Es war schwierig, in diesen schrecklichen Zeiten stark und konzentriert zu bleiben. Also werden wir mit viel Geduld weitermachen, Ruhe bewahren, sicher sein und durchhalten.
Die Fragen stellte Doreen Matthei
Übersetzung von Michael Kaltenecker
Schau auch mal im Youtube-Channel von Andrés Sanz Vicente, schau seine Videos bei Vimeo und besuche das Weblog von Andrés Sanz Vicente vorbei.
Lies auch die Rezension des Films „The Painting“
Interview: In a conversation with Spanish filmmaker Andrés Sanz Vicente, we were able to learn more about his art documentary “The Painting“, which had its German premiere at the 63rd DOK Leipzig. Also why he is so fascinated by the painting ‘Las Meninas’ by Diego Velazquez, how it was to rediscover it with a fresh look and why he decided to build the documentary as a detective story.
Can you tell me more about the origin of your film “The Painting” – presumably it all started with the viewing of Diego Velazquez’ painting ‘Las Meninas’?
It all starts with my first visit to the Prado Museum with my family, when I was about 5-6 years old. We went to see ‘Las Meninas’. It was a huge painting, taking up the entire wall of a small room that was packed with visitors. In front of the painting, they had placed a mirror. I could hardly see the painting because the room was crowded and the place was dark. I find it all very strange. A museum guide was explaining the mirror and everyone moved around, looking for their reflection and that of the characters in the painting. It depicted a group gathered around a little princess, and a painter next to a huge canvas. Everyone looked at us as if the painter was painting us the audience. The characters and the space were portrayed with such a degree of illusion that it seemed that at any moment they were going to leave the painting or that you could enter into their room. It all seemed as if I had witnessed an act of magic. Not understanding the guide’s explanations about the mirror and the painting, I asked my parents to buy me a museum catalog to see if I could find the solution to the enigma. Needless to say, I didn’t find it. That day my fascination with Velázquez and ‘Las Meninas’ began.
Fast forward many years later: November 2013. I had returned to Madrid after living in the USA for 15 years and I went to see an exhibition of Velázquez at the Prado Museum: “Velázquez and the family of Felipe IV” curated by Javier Portús. Amazing! It was like falling in love all over again with Velázquez’s painting and discovering the fascinating world that surrounded him. Next day I ran to the public library to look for a book on Velázquez and by total chance I found a curious essay entitled “Velázquez’s back” by Milagros Heredero. It was a curious interpretation of ‘Las Meninas’ that I found very entertaining and I wanted to get a copy for my collection. The book was self-published and it took me some detective work to find the author. Finally, we met one night in the cafeteria of the Ateneo de Madrid. By pure chance, Matias Diaz Padrón, a former Prado Conservator, walked in and Milagros invited him to join our conversation about ‘Las Meninas’. At one point Matias wondered why no one had made a film about this fascinating painting. And lo and behold, that same night I made up my mind to begin the project. I had been on the trail of this movie my whole life without knowing it.
How did you go about developing the project – was it followed by a long period of research?
It was very clear from the beginning that I had to construct the film as a detective investigation. I planned to summon the greatest experts from ‘Las Meninas’ to question them and try to solve its enigma. Although I started with some previous knowledge about ‘Las Meninas’, following many years of reading and five years of studying Fine Arts in college, I had to prepare a very solid investigation. I needed to master the subject in depth to gain the trust of the experts to whom I was going to request their collaboration. While funding was being secured, I spent four years (2014-2017) studying the painting, Velázquez and his time from top to bottom and from every imaginable angle. They were also decisive years to patiently gather visual documentation and to meet with many of the experts who would end up participating in the film.
How did you find your interview partners? How did you decide which perspectives to include and how did they react to your film idea?
I wanted the interviewees to be chosen because of their special relationship with ‘Las Meninas’. They had to be exceptional people who had previously written, reflected on or created something about the picture or the painter.
The first person from whom I asked an opinion at the early stages of the project was Javier Portús, chief curator of Velázquez’s Painting at the Prado Museum. If Portús hadn’t been enthusiastic about the project, I probably wouldn’t have gone ahead with the film. I will always be grateful for his crucial support. In fact, he put me in touch with Jonathan Brown who was an obvious choice. Considered the greatest specialist on Velazquez, Brown has dedicated over 60 years to study ‘Las Meninas’ and he has written essential papers and books of the golden age of Spanish Art. His testimony is a cornerstone of the film. Although the Prado Museum finally decided not to get involved in the film, nevertheless I did get the collaboration at a private level of many of its experts and curators, such as Manuela Mena, Jaime García-Maíquez and Enrique Quintana. The more people joined the project, the easier it became to convince others. I was blessed to get two superb experts from the Metropolitan Museum in New York, Keith Christiansen and Michael Gallagher, and meet a mythical figure among art historians: Svetlana Alpers.
I got pretty much everybody I wanted for the film. Even the artist Antonio Lopez. It took years to convince him though! Only a few declined to participate. I remember the crew getting very upset because the artist Richard Serra backed off from the interview at the very last minute when we were ready to shoot.
Still the vast majority agreed to be interviewed with great enthusiasm. I imagine that the passion they transmitted towards the project was more due to their love for ‘Las Meninas’ than to my personal charms. I suppose the detective angle in my script also instigated a lot of curiosity. I was proposing a non conventional approach to the genre of Art documentary. That along with my painful preparation and research, helped me to gain their trust, I guess.
How much material – especially interviews – was produced?
I had around 60 hours of interviews covering all angles imaginable regarding ‘Las Meninas’. I had to reduce it to a watchable size and cut 80% of the subject matter. There was enough material for a TV Mini series, believe me. Oddly, when I mentioned my plans to make a feature film about ‘Las Meninas’, some people reacted puzzled: “Are you going to be talking about the same painting for an hour?”. They thought 20 minutes was more than enough! Well, obviously I had something else in mind. The final cut is 107 minutes and it doesn’t feel tiring or repetitive at all. The trick was to arrange the material in a classic suspenseful structure with mystery, surprises, uncertainties and revelations. In order to balance the large amount of talking heads, I had to incorporate interesting visuals, mainly stop motion animation and some archival footage.
Did the narrative through line only emerge in the editing or did you already have a fixed concept in mind beforehand?
I had a full screenplay that I submitted in order to get the funding. The main structure, the organization of themes, even the turning points and twists were already there. It was a necessary road map to avoid getting lost in the maze of ‘Las Meninas’. In the script evidently I covered a few more ideas that didn’t work well in the final edit but in turn I got many brilliant viewpoints and emotional bits from the interviews.
My great uncertainty, before starting editing, was this: if I was going to be able to transform a heavily-intellectual and academic material into a serious and yet very entertaining film, that could appeal both to the art connoisseur and the individual with no interest in art documentaries. The only way to cover my back was to conduct long and in depth interviews to gather as much material as possible and hope to provoke some emotional and magical moments during our conversations. I consider myself very lucky because all the participants went all the way and never held up anything. I got the magic I needed and more.
I edited the interviews from January-September 2018 and then we went to shoot the stop motion until the end of the year and then back to editing interviews, animation and archival documents from Jan-June 2019. Non stop. It was exhausting.
Please tell me more about the in-between sequences – what prompted you to enter into the image interpretation in this way?
“The Painting” is divided into 12 chapters. Every chapter is a clue to be deciphered. The backbone of the film consisted of many sequences of interviews set up as a detective interrogation conducted by me in a police room. It was clearly very theatrical, a wink to the viewer of film noir movies. In the beginning of the movie I established that we were going to watch an investigation on a recurring dream about ‘Las Meninas’ I had for many years. So all these interrogations are part of a dream where I play the role of Sherlock Holmes. Actually I have had a recurring dream for years about a room where I walked in and a man was telling me to look inside a closet. And I looked through the keyhole and inside I saw another miniature room, with tiny people living in the closet. The room was the old gallery where I saw ‘Las Meninas’ in the Prado Museum for the first time when I was a kid. The same one with the mirror! It took me a long time to decide whether to include this dream in the film or not, but it definitely had to do with my particular obsession with the painting. I thought it was important also to establish the dreamlike nature of the movie in order to incorporate the stop motion sequences with puppets and miniatures.
In general, what was on your mind visually? Was it clear to you that you wanted to work with puppets, etc., to create a better approach to the image?
One of the conventions of the art documentary is that of historical re-enactments or dramatization of characters and events with actors and sets. A documentary dealing with historical events prior to the invention of photography or film is limited to showing only paintings, drawings and prints as visual sources unless it uses reenactments with actors. And those scenes with costumes sometimes seem a bit crude and laughable over time. That is why I considered taking a step further: why not use models and dolls instead of actors and sets? The handmade miniatures are conceptually closer to the artisan world of painting. The doll, the puppet, is a less intrusive element than a real actor. The viewer is less forced to believe that “my Velázquez” has to look like the real thing because what you’re seeing is just a doll, a game, a simulation.
There was another reason for the use of puppets. The Spanish writer Azorín referred to ‘Las Meninas’ as a wax museum and the art historian Manuela Mena described the painting like a music box with mannequins ready to jump and start moving as soon as we turned our back to them. So that idea of ‘Las Meninas’ as a doll house was very dear to me and a great opportunity to shoot puppet animation, which I love. Think about it: the characters in ‘Las Meninas’ are inside a room looking at us. We spectators are standing in another room watching them. In the back of the back of the picture there is a door (where we see Jose Nieto’s silhouette) leading to unknown rooms. For me it is all boxes-rooms inside boxes-rooms, sort of a Russian doll game ad infinitum. Life as a dream! As you can see, at the end of the film, we all became puppets.
Has your view of the image changed much now?
Yes, obviously. After years devoted to ‘Las Meninas’, its meaning is far richer and complex. I discovered how experimental and avant-garde it was at the time of Velazquez. But above all, this painting feels way more personal to me than ever because it carries now so many memories… A couple of people appearing in the film are no longer with us. The art historian Francisco Calvo Serraller died a few months before the film’s release (the film is dedicated to him) and Carmen Garrido from the Prado Museum passed away at the end of 2020. I wanted the film to be a tribute to my teacher’s generation, people like Calvo Serraller, who grew up in a world of books and enjoyed the quiet contemplation of artworks, before the internet arrived and overloaded the world with images and little content. The painting is after all a group portrait (like ‘Las Meninas’) of people reflecting upon a work of art as a way to reveal who they are. It is also a self-portrait. There is a lot of myself in the film. My daughter Olivia appears in several key moments in the film. By chance she was 5 years old at the time of shooting, the same age of the Infanta Margarita. So when I go to the Prado and look at ‘Las Meninas’, I see now my pale reflection in there. At least for a while… until, with time, it fades away… But Velazquez, Margarita and the others will stay much, much longer.
Finally, can you tell me a bit more about yourself and your love of film and art?
I was a kid from Madrid who loved to draw and enjoyed old paintings in museums. That led me to study fine arts (painting, sculpture, photography) and subsequently to go to America to study film. I lived many years in San Francisco and New York, working and producing my films, before I returned to Spain… And then I made “The Painting”! That’s all in a nutshell.
This is an art installation I created in 2016 commissioned by The Prado Museum, a reinterpretation of The Garden of Earthly Delights by Bosch.
Infinite Garden – Exhibition – Museo Nacional del Prado
Are there any new projects already planned? Can we look forward to more art films?
I am toying with two ideas for new documentaries. One is about photography (another art form I love) and the other about a famous artwork from the XXth Century. I am also writing a fiction film. But everything has slowed down due to the pandemic. It has been difficult to keep strong and concentrated during these terrible times. So we’ll carry on with tons of patience, keep calm, safe, and stay the course.
Questions asked by Doreen Matthei
Visit the Youtube-Channel of Andrés Sanz Vicente, the watch his films on Vimeo and the Weblog of Andrés Sanz Vicente
Read on the german review of the film „The Painting“